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br Introduction O Dowd et al identified a
2024-05-14
Introduction O’Dowd et al. identified a gene very similar to angiotensin type-1 receptor in 1993 (O’Dowd et al., 1993). The specific selective ligand of this receptor called APJ receptor was determined by Tatemoto et al. in 1998 as apelin (Tatemoto et al., 1998). The high expression of apelin and
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br The role of apelin
2024-05-14
The role of apelin in respiratory diseases At present, several scientific studies have suggested that the apelin/APJ system may play an important role in the development of pulmonary diseases (Table 4). For example, in an experiment on rats suffering from acute lung injury, apelin-13 decreases th
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The regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids can be
2024-05-14
The regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids can be mediated either by the canonical mechanism that involves the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor activated by the hormone, with glucocorticoid response element (Ye et al., 2007), or by the non-canonical m
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Rifapentine Prostate cell growth and prostate carcinogenesis
2024-05-13
Prostate cell growth and prostate carcinogenesis are not only mediated by androgens, they are also dependent on functional insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor (IGF1R) signaling. Previous studies addressed this issue and reported a correlation between high insulin
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Detailed analysis of the dose dependence of
2024-05-13
Detailed analysis of the dose dependence of Aβ effects revealed that at low amounts, Aβ can also act as a positive regulator of presynaptic activity, enhancing the neurotransmitter release probability and increasing the neuronal excitability [2]. The facilitator effects of low Aβ dose on excitatory
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br Acknowledgements br Introduction Microbial enzymes
2024-05-13
Acknowledgements Introduction Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes (Singh et al., 2016). Microbial aminopeptidases (amino-a
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The amino acids evaluated in
2024-05-13
The amino acids evaluated in this study represent proteinogenic (amino acids that are applied in the genetic code) or even essential ones (amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the organism and need to be taken up by nutrition). Tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, threonine and vali
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br Hypothesis The hypothesis is
2024-05-13
Hypothesis The hypothesis is that AhR in skin diseases could be an objective of study for future dermatological therapies. Both stimulation and inhibition of the receptor might have significant influences on neoplastic or inflammatory skin diseases. However, at present the functions of AhR are un
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br Mechanisms for regulation of intracellular
2024-05-13
Mechanisms for regulation of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis Cells maintain intracellular free cholesterol levels and distribution within stringent tolerances by several mechanisms [55]: (1) uptake of native LDL (the major extracellular carrier of cholesterol) by LDL receptors and modified
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br Hypoadiponectinemia in metabolic syndrome APN belongs str
2024-05-13
Hypoadiponectinemia in metabolic syndrome APN belongs structurally to the complement 1q family and is found at high concentrations (>0.01% of total protein) in the serum of healthy individuals [6]. Given the abundance of APN in plasma, it is assumed that alterations in plasma levels of APN might
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The AR signalling pathways play
2024-05-13
The AR signalling pathways play important roles in several physiopathological processes associated with ischaemia, inflammation, and tumourigenesis [35]. Moreover, A3AR is overexpressed in different tumour elastase inhibitor and seems implicated in pro- or anti-apoptotic effects [36]. In particular,
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The adult muscle type acetylcholine receptor AChR the exempl
2024-05-13
The adult muscle-type UNC2881 sale receptor (AChR), the exemplar pLGIC, is a heteropentamer comprising two α subunits, and one each of the β, δ, and ɛ subunits (Sine, 2012). These five subunits come together in a counterclockwise α-ɛ-α-δ-β arrangement (Figure 1A). Binding of acetylcholine to the ACh
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br Conclusion The HT receptor family is
2024-05-13
Conclusion The 5-HT receptor family is complex, and one may ask as does Bryan Roth et al. [205] whether this is useless bardoxolone mg (i.e. too much redundancy) or an embarrassment of the riches (i.e. many potential targets to choose from to affect normal or pathological function); molecular bi
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br Conclusion Growth survival and
2024-05-13
Conclusion Growth, survival, and invasion of most PCs have been shown to be androgen-dependent at the onset of castration therapy [31]. Thus, castration therapy has been central to systemic therapy and remains the standard approach to PC treatment. Even after progression to a castration-resistant
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br Expression of autotaxin in cancer Autotaxin ATX is a
2024-05-13
Expression of autotaxin in cancer Autotaxin (ATX) is a member of the family of NPPs (Nucleotides pyrophosphatases phosphodiesterases (NPP) family with a unique lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity, allowing the synthesis of LPA from lysophospholipid precursors such as the lysophosphatidylcholin